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Materials science:
It is one of the branches of applied science that is concerned with studying, evaluating and understanding the relationship between the structural chemical composition of materials and their properties in order to improve these properties to make them more suitable for different applications. Materials science also focuses on the possibility of finding new materials with distinct properties that are suitable for multiple uses.
Materials science is one of the leading foundations in building and resurrecting civilization. Huge facilities and gigantic production projects are evidence of the importance of materials science and testify to the essential role that it contributes to establishing these facilities and achieving the productive goals of those projects. The closest example of this is what we see of missiles carrying vehicles and satellites. Burning flames are blown behind them to reach a temperature of about 2000 ° C, Continuous research in materials science has produced materials that can perform this role with high efficiency.
Problems that arise for the development of materials science:
- Research in this field requires huge amounts of money (the possibility of failure to reach the required materials from the incoming resources)
- Research in this field cannot be shortened by simply increasing the amount. Cumulative experiences are born from experiences that extend over months, years and decades.
- Absence of clear priorities and plans: where do we start? Who bears the responsibility (the government in full - a partnership between the public sector and the private sector - the private sector in large with little support from the government - the private sector completely)???
Solutions:
- Scientific research: Increasing interest in scientific research and patenting and promoting it to achieve economic gains that cover financial costs. It also supports the continuation of research so that it does not become a financial burden without economic return.
- Education and Competencies: Structuring the educational system so that the research aspect is developed at all levels of education and not limited to postgraduate studies (Masters - PhD) with interest in developing competencies and involving them in solving the problems of the public and private sectors! It appears that a professor who holds a PhD with practical experience in one of the companies or has cooperation with one of the companies has a deeper understanding and broader knowledge in the applied field!
Note: It is indispensable for innovative and technology-developing companies to partner with universities or some of the faculty staff in universities who hold a doctorate degree in conducting research or opening a research department within the company and employing PhD holders!
- Adopting the TRIZ theory, which is the initial letters of the word of Russian origin and means in Arabic, the theory of innovative problem solving developed by the Russian scientist Genrich Altshuler.
- Buying knowledge (know-how): There are research centers that sell knowledge and patents
- Technology Transfer: Many companies, universities, and government organizations now have a technology transfer office dedicated to identifying research that has potential commercial benefits and strategies for how to exploit it.. Siemens and GE experience in Saudi Arabia is an example!
Infrastructure:
In order to get in the field of industry, it is necessary to prepare the infrastructure for transformation into an industrial country!
First: research centers
It is only possible to start in the field of materials science through the establishment of specialized research centers in this field! ..It is the first nucleus to launch in the world of manufacturing.
Russia for example has many research centers specialized in materials science, to name a few:
- AllRussia Institute of Aeronautical Materials Science
- Promiti Central Institute for Scientific Research of Structural Materials
- Boschvar Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials
Second: factories
They are specialized factories that have the ability to produce materials or alloys that differ in their properties from those of the constituent elements..
Some areas of applications of materials science:
- The nuclear field: (Pressure Reactor Vessel)
It is noticed that the Russian PRV compared to the American, the French-German and the Korean is superior to its counterparts, so we see that its height is less than that of its counterparts! And that the thickness of the vessel wall is the least 197.5, and the pressure of the vessel is 17.6 MPa, which is the highest with its French-German counterpart! As for the design temperature, it reaches 350 degrees Celsius, a degree lower than the French-German vessel, and the weight of the transport is 330 tons, while in the allocated weight, where the amount of megawatts of energy is calculated in proportion to weight, it is the lowest in Russia, where it reaches 0.28 tons per megawatt produced! This is due to the alloy steel used in the Russian PRV!
- The secret lies in materials science:
One of the promising new directions is the development, research and application of corrosion-resistant titanium alloys for nuclear reactor hull structures (VVER) and advanced steam generators for nuclear power plants.
- Nuclear fuel:
Russia has a research center specialized in the development of materials for the nuclear fuel industry (there are the first, second, third and fourth generation).. In 2018, TVEL announced the new modification of nuclear fuel for the fourth generation TVSA-T.mod.2 with high indicators of reliability and consumption of uranium..
A special feature of TVS-K nuclear fuel is the use of two types of Russian zirconium alloy. It is an E110 alloy for the fuel rod housing and an E635 alloy for the fuel assembly body, it is the combination of these two materials, with their slightly different properties, that enables customers to achieve good results in long-term operation, performance and fuel reliability. TVEL continues to improve these alloys, improving their mechanical properties and behavior within a nuclear reactor.
In 2016, Global Nuclear Fuel and the Russian company TVEL announced the signing of an agreement to supply nuclear fuel to US pressurized water reactors.
The Russian company designs TVS-K nuclear fuel for pressurized water reactors, which is intended for reactors based on Westinghouse designs. This type of fuel was designed to compete in the Western market, where the design of nuclear fuel for Russian reactors differs, as the Russian is characterized by its hexagonal shape, while the Western is by its quadrilateral shape..
- First: Nuclear fuel granules are made at a temperature of 1000 degrees Celsius and acquire the properties of ceramic.
- Second: The fuel rod cladding is characterized by its high resistance to corrosion and is made of zirconium alloy of a grade suitable for use in nuclear reactors.
Owning nuclear reactors to develop new materials:
Dr. John Parmentola (Served as Senior Vice President at General Atomics from 2009 to 2015) said:
" Currently, no US facility has the high performance characteristics required to conduct this type of research. The best we have are the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory, and the High Flow Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, but both are unsuitable for a number of reasons. And the best in the world is in Russia (BOR-60),"
And currently, the MBIR nuclear reactor is being built, which is the best in terms of performance..
Centrifuges:
When making Russian centrifuges, the Russian scientist Joseph Friedlander developed V96ts aluminum alloy to solve the problem of Metal Fluidity..
And in 2017, the combined efforts of developers, designers, testers and operators greatly increased the life of sequential centrifuges: from three to five years in first-generation models to 35 years in modern machines. That is, the rotor of a modern centrifuge will last for 35 years at a speed of more than 1,500 revolutions per second.
It is estimated that each new generation of Russian gas centrifuges for uranium enrichment has a yield of nearly 50% more than the previous generation.
Supercritical centrifuges, including the so-called "ninth generation", exceed the resonant vibrational frequencies during acceleration. Only the transition to supercritical centrifuges enabled Russian designers to make another leap in increasing the performance of gas centrifuges..
This became possible, first of all, thanks to the use of new materials in the design of the rotor, which are materials that withstand heavy loads.
The military field:
- Use of advanced C-C (carbon-carbon) composite material for warheads of Ballistic missiles and strategic missiles..
- The new composite materials made it possible to deal with the problem of keeping the winged crafts in check during a long flight through the plasma. Indeed, while approaching the target it looks like a meteor fireball. The temperature on its surface may reach 1600-2000 degrees Celsius. The control of the winged vehicle remains reliable throughout the flight.
- Strategic missile containers..Russia has replaced steel containers with fibreglass containers made of glass fiber reinforced plastic, which is a qualitative leap for the strategic missile sector..
- Pipelines of the Russian forces: Russia has replaced steel tubes with composite materials. The materials from which the tubes are made give the tubes light weight, durability, temperature range below minus 60 degrees and above 50 degrees Celsius, and a service life of up to 25 years!
The company obtained a patent in this field, where the tube consists of three layers:
The pipe body consists of three layers, the inner layer which is made of deformable aluminum alloy and ensures that the linear element does not penetrate into the transmitted medium, The middle layer absorbs these forces and is made of high-strength epoxy plastic. The outer layer protects the middle layer from the effect of UV rays and provides a hint or smearing of concealment depending on the purpose of the linear element. The end parts are made of high-strength aluminum alloy and are attached to the inner layer of the tube with an adhesive bond, and the middle layer is covered by the stems.
- Submarine hull: In a unique case, Russia used a titanium alloy to make the ALFA submarine.
High-tech, tightly welded marine grade titanium alloys with different strength level and technology of their manufacture were developed, their industrial production was organized, and a wide label of semi-finished products was established. For the first time in the world practice of titanium alloys, success was achieved in the development of welding technology for plates of great thickness and length. As a result, the world's first one-piece titanium submarine was built that set an underwater speed record.
- stealth coating: Radar absorbent materials are considered secrets and are not shared with countries, as they are used to hide a vehicle or any object from radar detection! It is used on the hull of fighters..The Ferrite-Domen Scientific Research Institute is one of the institutes that develops stealth coatings for Russian fighters..
There are also sonar absorbent materials (Tiles) used on the hull of submarines to reduce their footprint..Rubber layer on the hull of the submarine “stealth coating for the submarine”
Space and aviation field:
- In order to successfully implement the MC-21 program, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia jointly developed and implemented a set of measures to replace foreign-made composite materials and a number of parts with Russian equivalents. "This will make it possible to ensure technological independence of MC-21 production from sanctioned products. That is why the Russian government has provided and will provide support for the MC-21 program," Borisov emphasized.
- In the field of space, materials science is prominently demonstrated when comparing the Soviet space shuttle Buran and the American shuttle
Buran contains plates with a temperature resistance of 1800º C.
Where we see the thermal protection system in the Soviet space shuttle consist of three types:
First: carbon-carbon materials
Second: the ceramic layer
Third: flexible materials
In the thermal protection system of the space shuttle Buran, materials based on quartz and silica fibers were used. A further increase in the operating temperature of these materials required the replacement of SiO2 fibers for more heat resistance with Al2O3, ZrO2, SiC, Si3N4.
- The only company that manufactures the combustion chamber of rocket engines in Russia is the company "Metalist Samara"..The combustion chamber is made of high-strength heat-resistant steel with bronze material..
Semiconductor materials
The third generation of semiconductors materials is those materials with a wide bandgap, represented by silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), zinc oxide (ZnO), diamond, and aluminum nitride (AlN). The third generation of semiconductor materials has a wide bandgap, high breakdown electric field, high thermal conductivity, high electron saturation rate and higher radiation resistance.
It is widely used in new energy vehicles, rail transit, smart grid, new generation mobile communication, consumer electronics and other fields, and is regarded as the core technology supporting the development of energy, transportation, information, defense and other industries.
As can be seen, the first generation of semiconductor materials are mainly used in the manufacture of discrete devices and chips; the second generation of semiconductor materials are mainly used in the production of high-speed, high-frequency, high-power and light-emitting electronic devices. They are also excellent materials for the production of high-performance microwave and millimeter-wave devices and are widely used in the fields of microwave communications, optical communications, satellite communications, optoelectronic devices. lasers and satellite navigation.
The third generation of semiconductor materials is widely used in the production of high-temperature, high-frequency, high-power and radiation-resistant electronic devices. Furthermore, they are also used in semiconductor lighting, 5G communications, power electronics, aerospace and many other fields.
Environmentally friendly products from biocomposite materials
A biocomposite is a composite material formed by a matrix (resin) and a reinforcement of natural fibers. The matrix phase is formed by polymers derived from renewable and nonrenewable resources. Hemp, cotton, jute and flax are some common natural fiber reinforcements in biocomposites that have good mechanical properties.
Conclusion: Thereare hundreds if not thousands of discoveries and applications.. So It is vital for Arab countries (and other developing countries) to build research centers specialized in materials science instead of buying patents and obtaining foreign licenses.. Thus, the state can achieve the concept of technological independence..
Source: compilation
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