History of Odisha

[Cobra Arbok]

Prehistory:
Until140 million bc, Odisha was part of the Gondwana supercontinent that consisted of Africa, India(along with Madagascar and Sri Lanka), Australia, and Antarctica. As a result, modern Odisha is home to some of the oldest rock formations in the world, such as the Mayurbhanj granite pluton, dated almost 3 billion years old.

The first human settlements in Odisha were during the lower paleolithic era. Many prehistoric tools have been dating from that era. Odisha is also famous for its ancient cave paintings. The earliest are the Vikaramkhol caves in Jarsuguda district dating from 3000-4000 BCE. What makes the caves unique are inscriptions of what is likely and ancient ancestor to the modern Odia language dated between 3000 to 1500 BC.

Vikramkhol caves. Ancient Brahmi inscriptions are badly faded, but still visible.

inscriptions consisting of geometric sequences and floral-like patterns yet to be interpreted. added around 1500 BCE.

Like most Brahmi inscriptions of the era, the Vikramkhol inscriptions appear to be painted and then cut into the stone. This example looks unfinished.

Another view of the shelters.
Pre Mauryan- In ancient times Odisha was known as Kalinga. It was likely a large and powerful civilization with one site submerged by the ocean potentially larger than Athens at its height.
https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/archaeologists-unearth-2-500-year-old-city-in-india.9789/
Kalinga was occupied by the Nanda Empire around 350 BC by Mahapadma Nanda, the first ruler of the Dynasty. Much of Odisha's pre-Mauryan history is recorded by the Hathigumpa inscriptions by Kharivela, the first Emperor of Kalinga, during the second century BC. The inscriptions were in an archaic form of the Kalinga script, an ancestor of the modern Odia script.

Hathigumpa on Udayagiri Hills, Bubaneshwar.
Pictures of the Inscriptions

statue of what is likely an Indo-Greek warrior dated between 1-200 BCE.

Mauryan Period- One of the most notable periods of Odia history were the Kalinga-Maurya Wars, fought under the Mauryan Empire Ashoka. Ashoka finally conquered Kalinga, but realized the horrors of war, prompting him to convert to Buddhism. Two of his edicts are located at Dhauli in Bubaneshwar, the site of the Kalinga War

Ashokan Edicts at Dhauli site, Puri district, Odisha. dated between 100-200 BC.
Medieval Period-After the fall of the Mauryans, Odisha was ruled by vairious powers, including the Guptas, SOmavmasi Dynasty, and the Eastern Gangal Dynasty. The Ganga Emperor Narasimha 1 is famous for building the Konark Sun Temple, considered one of the greatest examples of Medieval Hindu architecture not just in Odisha but in India.

Exterior view of Konark Sun Temple, 13th Century Ce. UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Interior view

Examples of Konark carvings. Leftmost carving a Kama scene. Second-left picture a carved chariot wheel. Second right picture a carving of a musician, and rightmost picture a carving of a young woman.
Odisha was one of the most successful regions of India at resisting Muslim invasion. It was not until 1568 that Odisha was conquered by the Sultanate of Bengal. The next few centuries of Foreign rule resulted in Odisha losing a lot of its identity, and it became more connected to Bengal. It was then added to the Mughal Empire by Emperor Akbar and then ruled by Aurangzeb. However, by 1751, it was conquered by the Marathas.
British period- After the Second Anglo Maratha War in 1803, Odisha was fully conquered by the British. Odisha was the site of the Paika Rebellion of 1817 led by Bakshi Jagabandhu(his statue is below)

In 1912, Odisha(than called Utkal) was added to the Biihar Province In 1936, It became its own Province called Orissa. It joined the independent Dominion of India in 1947 as the state of Orissa.. In 2011, Orissa's name was changed to Odisha, and the Oriya language was called Odia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Odisha
https://www.historyofodisha.in/ancient-history-of-odisha/
https://www.wondermondo.com/udayagiri-caves/
If you liked this thread, definitely check out my History of Gujaratis thread. It was my first thread so it definitely is not as good as this one, but please check it out.
https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/history-of-gujaratis.571529/
@Indus Pakistan @Taimur Khurram @Talwar e Pakistan @Taimoor Khan @niaz @UnitedPak @RoadRunner401 @Peshwa @scorpionx @KAL-EL @Suriya @Srinivas @Cherokee @Tom M @AyanRay @Novice09 @Śakra @Peaceful Civilian @Imran Khan @Chinese-Dragon @HariPrasad @ranawat @queerbait @Rusty @Desert Fox

 

[itsanufy]

140 bc, Odisha was part of the Gondwana supercontinent
I have some doubt.

 

[Indus Pakistan]

I have some doubt.

Me also. Big, big doubt.

 

[Cobra Arbok]

Me also. Big, big doubt.

I meant to add the word million somewhere in there. Sorry.

Does that mean you are going to revoke your thanks

 

[Icewolf]

Love Ganga history

 

[Rusty]

History based in science, and not mythology, is the way go to.

 

[Cobra Arbok]

History based in science, and not mythology, is the way go to.

That's what I always try and do. Of course it is important to understand myths are usually based on truth, so thte hard part is separating the truth for myth.

I will be making several more threads like these in the future

 

[Cobra Arbok]

bumping this @AUSTERLITZ

 

[Cobra Arbok]

Odisha mariners were aware of monsoon before its discovery by Greek navigator Hippalus
Since more than 2000 years ago, traders of Odisha used to set sail to the Southeast Asian countries during the northeast monsoon and returned during the southwest monsoon, a new research has claimed.

Published: 19th September 2018 04:57 AM | Last Updated: 19th September 2018 04:58 AM | A+A A-

KENDRAPARA: Mariners of ancient Odisha were aware of monsoon winds and used them for timing their seafaring much before the discovery of the season and its behaviour by Greek navigator Hippalus between 45-47 AD.

Since more than 2000 years ago, traders of Odisha used to set sail to the Southeast Asian countries during the northeast monsoon and returned during the southwest monsoon, a new research has claimed.
“During my extensive research, I came to know that the traders of ancient Odisha were the first to use monsoon routes for their seafaring,” said Dr Sila Tripathi, a senior marine archaeologist with Marine Archaeology Center in National Institute of Oceanography, Goa.

During the early historical period, Buddhism played a significant role in maritime trade. Ancient Chinese traveller Fa-Hein, who had visited India during 399-414 AD to gather information on Buddhism, wrote the book Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms where he made an indirect reference to the northeast monsoon in connection with his voyage along the east coast of India, Dr Tripathi elaborated.

The research based on recent archeological finds from ports and trade centres show the existence of a well organised overseas network connecting Southeast Asia, Red Sea and Roman world. The voyage to Southeast Asia was seasonal and coast hugging because ships were visiting different ports during their voyage and exchanging cargo.
“The maritime trade from India to Southeast Asia was a seasonal phenomenon. Our study shows that there have been no changes in seasons of monsoon over the past 2000 years except in their intensity and velocity,” he added.





Odisha mariners were aware of monsoon before its discovery

The distribution of Buddhist settlements, discovery of varieties of pottery, beads and inscriptions along the ports and trade centres dating before the first recorded discovery of the monsoon point to active maritime trade between India and Southeast Asia. Mariners used to exchange their cargo at various ports and sail to their destination along with local sailors with the help of monsoon winds and currents.
Sunil Patnaik, secretary of Orissan Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies (OIMSEAS), said, “The coastal people and marine fishermen have traditional knowledge about the weather prediction. The vast knowledge has been passed down the generations through word of mouth. Buddhist monks also knew about the arrival of monsoon and wind for which they built many caves and monasteries to reside for four months from June to September in these places. Sadhus and religious people also observe “Chatrumasi” (four months) period in hilly areas to avoid flood in the rainy season.”

@Indus Pakistan @Taimur Khurram @Talwar e Pakistan @niaz @UnitedPak @AUSTERLITZ @Peshwa @scorpionx @KAL-EL @Suriya @Srinivas @Cherokee @Tom M @AyanRay @Novice09 @Śakra @Peaceful Civilian @Imran Khan @Chinese-Dragon @HariPrasad @ranawat @queerbait @Desert Fox @DANCING GIRL @Nilgiri @Tom M @AyanRay @war&peace @pothead @Levina @OsmanAli98 @Cherokee @Theparadox @Rajesh Kumar @SOUTHie @Aryan0395 @SabzShaheen

Early Buddhism in India

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By GURVINDER SINGH

May/June 2018



(Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Stone pedestal, Jharhiamba, India





Recent excavations have unearthed a site resembling a Buddhist monastery in India’s Odisha state. The sculptural and architectural findings at the village of Jharhiamba in the Angul district suggest that a Buddhist monastery flourished during the reign of the Shunga-Kushan Dynasty, which governed the region between 150 B.C. and the first century A.D. Though a Buddhist presence is well known in the state, the discovery, archaeologists say, is important because this is the only monastery in Odisha where they have found evidence of monks and nuns cohabiting.

(Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Stone pedestal, Jharhiamba, India



A copper plate that was recovered by British archaeologists in the nineteenth century, around six miles from the spot, bore an inscription about the monastery being present in the area and monks and nuns living together. “We believe that around 200 people lived in the monastery, which is scattered in an area of about a half mile square. We have found fragments of molded brick, sculptures, stupas, and a sandstone pillar from the spot,” says Dibishada B. Garnayak, superintending archaeologist of the Bhubaneswar branch of the Archaeological Survey of India. However, he also notes that much of the site has been damaged due to encroachment by local residents, coupled with a lack of interest in conserving its heritage.

Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Male figure (left) and stone capital (right)​

@AUSTERLITZ @suresh1773 @surya kiran @Tshering22 @Indus Pakistan @Nilgiri @OsmanAli98 @Levina @Cherokee

 

[Tshering22]

140 bc, Odisha was part of the Gondwana supercontinent
I have some doubt.

Million.

That's the key word here. 139,999,1982 years ago is what it means.

 

[Desert Fox]

Odisha mariners were aware of monsoon before its discovery by Greek navigator Hippalus
Since more than 2000 years ago, traders of Odisha used to set sail to the Southeast Asian countries during the northeast monsoon and returned during the southwest monsoon, a new research has claimed.

Published: 19th September 2018 04:57 AM | Last Updated: 19th September 2018 04:58 AM | A+A A-

KENDRAPARA: Mariners of ancient Odisha were aware of monsoon winds and used them for timing their seafaring much before the discovery of the season and its behaviour by Greek navigator Hippalus between 45-47 AD.

Since more than 2000 years ago, traders of Odisha used to set sail to the Southeast Asian countries during the northeast monsoon and returned during the southwest monsoon, a new research has claimed.
“During my extensive research, I came to know that the traders of ancient Odisha were the first to use monsoon routes for their seafaring,” said Dr Sila Tripathi, a senior marine archaeologist with Marine Archaeology Center in National Institute of Oceanography, Goa.

During the early historical period, Buddhism played a significant role in maritime trade. Ancient Chinese traveller Fa-Hein, who had visited India during 399-414 AD to gather information on Buddhism, wrote the book Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms where he made an indirect reference to the northeast monsoon in connection with his voyage along the east coast of India, Dr Tripathi elaborated.

The research based on recent archeological finds from ports and trade centres show the existence of a well organised overseas network connecting Southeast Asia, Red Sea and Roman world. The voyage to Southeast Asia was seasonal and coast hugging because ships were visiting different ports during their voyage and exchanging cargo.
“The maritime trade from India to Southeast Asia was a seasonal phenomenon. Our study shows that there have been no changes in seasons of monsoon over the past 2000 years except in their intensity and velocity,” he added.





Odisha mariners were aware of monsoon before its discovery

The distribution of Buddhist settlements, discovery of varieties of pottery, beads and inscriptions along the ports and trade centres dating before the first recorded discovery of the monsoon point to active maritime trade between India and Southeast Asia. Mariners used to exchange their cargo at various ports and sail to their destination along with local sailors with the help of monsoon winds and currents.
Sunil Patnaik, secretary of Orissan Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies (OIMSEAS), said, “The coastal people and marine fishermen have traditional knowledge about the weather prediction. The vast knowledge has been passed down the generations through word of mouth. Buddhist monks also knew about the arrival of monsoon and wind for which they built many caves and monasteries to reside for four months from June to September in these places. Sadhus and religious people also observe “Chatrumasi” (four months) period in hilly areas to avoid flood in the rainy season.”

@Indus Pakistan @Taimur Khurram @Talwar e Pakistan @niaz @UnitedPak @AUSTERLITZ @Peshwa @scorpionx @KAL-EL @Suriya @Srinivas @Cherokee @Tom M @AyanRay @Novice09 @Śakra @Peaceful Civilian @Imran Khan @Chinese-Dragon @HariPrasad @ranawat @queerbait @Desert Fox @DANCING GIRL @Nilgiri @Tom M @AyanRay @war&peace @pothead @Levina @OsmanAli98 @Cherokee @Theparadox @Rajesh Kumar @SOUTHie @Aryan0395 @SabzShaheen

Early Buddhism in India

• Share
• Print
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By GURVINDER SINGH

May/June 2018



(Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Stone pedestal, Jharhiamba, India





Recent excavations have unearthed a site resembling a Buddhist monastery in India’s Odisha state. The sculptural and architectural findings at the village of Jharhiamba in the Angul district suggest that a Buddhist monastery flourished during the reign of the Shunga-Kushan Dynasty, which governed the region between 150 B.C. and the first century A.D. Though a Buddhist presence is well known in the state, the discovery, archaeologists say, is important because this is the only monastery in Odisha where they have found evidence of monks and nuns cohabiting.

(Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Stone pedestal, Jharhiamba, India



A copper plate that was recovered by British archaeologists in the nineteenth century, around six miles from the spot, bore an inscription about the monastery being present in the area and monks and nuns living together. “We believe that around 200 people lived in the monastery, which is scattered in an area of about a half mile square. We have found fragments of molded brick, sculptures, stupas, and a sandstone pillar from the spot,” says Dibishada B. Garnayak, superintending archaeologist of the Bhubaneswar branch of the Archaeological Survey of India. However, he also notes that much of the site has been damaged due to encroachment by local residents, coupled with a lack of interest in conserving its heritage.

Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Male figure (left) and stone capital (right)​

@AUSTERLITZ @suresh1773 @surya kiran @Tshering22 @Indus Pakistan @Nilgiri @OsmanAli98 @Levina @Cherokee

Interesting post. Thanks for the tag.

 

[Nilgiri]

Odisha mariners were aware of monsoon before its discovery by Greek navigator Hippalus
Since more than 2000 years ago, traders of Odisha used to set sail to the Southeast Asian countries during the northeast monsoon and returned during the southwest monsoon, a new research has claimed.

Published: 19th September 2018 04:57 AM | Last Updated: 19th September 2018 04:58 AM | A+A A-

KENDRAPARA: Mariners of ancient Odisha were aware of monsoon winds and used them for timing their seafaring much before the discovery of the season and its behaviour by Greek navigator Hippalus between 45-47 AD.

Since more than 2000 years ago, traders of Odisha used to set sail to the Southeast Asian countries during the northeast monsoon and returned during the southwest monsoon, a new research has claimed.
“During my extensive research, I came to know that the traders of ancient Odisha were the first to use monsoon routes for their seafaring,” said Dr Sila Tripathi, a senior marine archaeologist with Marine Archaeology Center in National Institute of Oceanography, Goa.

During the early historical period, Buddhism played a significant role in maritime trade. Ancient Chinese traveller Fa-Hein, who had visited India during 399-414 AD to gather information on Buddhism, wrote the book Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms where he made an indirect reference to the northeast monsoon in connection with his voyage along the east coast of India, Dr Tripathi elaborated.

The research based on recent archeological finds from ports and trade centres show the existence of a well organised overseas network connecting Southeast Asia, Red Sea and Roman world. The voyage to Southeast Asia was seasonal and coast hugging because ships were visiting different ports during their voyage and exchanging cargo.
“The maritime trade from India to Southeast Asia was a seasonal phenomenon. Our study shows that there have been no changes in seasons of monsoon over the past 2000 years except in their intensity and velocity,” he added.





Odisha mariners were aware of monsoon before its discovery

The distribution of Buddhist settlements, discovery of varieties of pottery, beads and inscriptions along the ports and trade centres dating before the first recorded discovery of the monsoon point to active maritime trade between India and Southeast Asia. Mariners used to exchange their cargo at various ports and sail to their destination along with local sailors with the help of monsoon winds and currents.
Sunil Patnaik, secretary of Orissan Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies (OIMSEAS), said, “The coastal people and marine fishermen have traditional knowledge about the weather prediction. The vast knowledge has been passed down the generations through word of mouth. Buddhist monks also knew about the arrival of monsoon and wind for which they built many caves and monasteries to reside for four months from June to September in these places. Sadhus and religious people also observe “Chatrumasi” (four months) period in hilly areas to avoid flood in the rainy season.”

@Indus Pakistan @Taimur Khurram @Talwar e Pakistan @niaz @UnitedPak @AUSTERLITZ @Peshwa @scorpionx @KAL-EL @Suriya @Srinivas @Cherokee @Tom M @AyanRay @Novice09 @Śakra @Peaceful Civilian @Imran Khan @Chinese-Dragon @HariPrasad @ranawat @queerbait @Desert Fox @DANCING GIRL @Nilgiri @Tom M @AyanRay @war&peace @pothead @Levina @OsmanAli98 @Cherokee @Theparadox @Rajesh Kumar @SOUTHie @Aryan0395 @SabzShaheen

Early Buddhism in India

• Share
• Print
• Email

By GURVINDER SINGH

May/June 2018



(Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Stone pedestal, Jharhiamba, India





Recent excavations have unearthed a site resembling a Buddhist monastery in India’s Odisha state. The sculptural and architectural findings at the village of Jharhiamba in the Angul district suggest that a Buddhist monastery flourished during the reign of the Shunga-Kushan Dynasty, which governed the region between 150 B.C. and the first century A.D. Though a Buddhist presence is well known in the state, the discovery, archaeologists say, is important because this is the only monastery in Odisha where they have found evidence of monks and nuns cohabiting.

(Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Stone pedestal, Jharhiamba, India



A copper plate that was recovered by British archaeologists in the nineteenth century, around six miles from the spot, bore an inscription about the monastery being present in the area and monks and nuns living together. “We believe that around 200 people lived in the monastery, which is scattered in an area of about a half mile square. We have found fragments of molded brick, sculptures, stupas, and a sandstone pillar from the spot,” says Dibishada B. Garnayak, superintending archaeologist of the Bhubaneswar branch of the Archaeological Survey of India. However, he also notes that much of the site has been damaged due to encroachment by local residents, coupled with a lack of interest in conserving its heritage.

Courtesy Archaeological Survey of India)
Male figure (left) and stone capital (right)​

@AUSTERLITZ @suresh1773 @surya kiran @Tshering22 @Indus Pakistan @Nilgiri @OsmanAli98 @Levina @Cherokee

That's really interesting, but it makes sense too given once you figure out numbers, seasons and cyclical time...you will adapt to any regular seasonality that brings about both destruction/creation.

We need more thorough study into civilisation of the subcontinent...a lot if definitely predates western discovery of various concepts.