Marwat Khan Lodhi
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Battle of Panipat, 1526
In 1526 babur captured Kabul. For several years he tried to re-conquer his hereditary domain but failed, The deficit economy of mountainous plateau of Afghanistan forced babur’s attention towards India. The stories of riches of India and plunder picked up by his ancestor timur inflamed babur passion . moreover babur required glory and money to keep the afghan soldiers under his control. Otherwise they would desert mughal standards and join the rebellious chieftains, who from their hilly stronghold, were threatening babur’s shaky rule.
Babur decided to test the quality of ibrahim’s military responses by conducting frontier raids. In 1519 babur took the bajaur fort, plundered bhira and then returned to Kabul. In 1520 he led a plundering expedition upon Sialkot. He continued such raids till 1524.The inaction of ibrahim lodhi’s government encouraged babur to stake every thing towards decisive throw of dice. Babur crossed the Rubicon when he launched his main invasion in the winter of 1525. His force crossed the Indus over attock.
Initially the delhi court thought babur was leading yet another plundering expedition. But when they won Punjab , ibrahim realized the gravity of situation and set his military machine in motion.. ibrahim himself accompanied the army, which was under his general bahadur khan. Lethargy, indiscipline and indecisiveness dogged the lodhi army. After one day march , the lodhi force halted for two or four days. It was as if ibrahim didn’t know what to do, advance or retreat.
Ibrahim had more than one hundred thousand men and one thousand elephants. However it is improbable that he brought this whole army to fight the mughal invaders. It was impossible to move one thousands elephants simultaneously because each such animal daily required huge amounts of water and fodder. Moreover while the rajput ruler, rana sanga threatened the southern boundry of ibrahim’s domain, recalcitrant afghan chiefs created problems in the eastern parts. To guard against these two threats, ibrahim had to detached substantial number of troops and elephants.
One of the ibrahim’s commander daud khan lodhi advanced seven miles from the main army to test the mughal army’s strength. Several skirmishes occurred between the afghan and the mughal advance guards before the main battle was fought. Babur mobile cavlry took many afghan prisoners.
Thanks to his long experience of fighting in central Asia, babur was adept at using violence to terrorize his opponents. On march 1526 , babur deliberately killed all his afghan prisoners and made a pyramid with their skulls. On 12 April 1526 two opposing forces finally met at panipat.
Babur needed a quick victory, because he was far away from his base Kabul. The uzbkes were threatening to invade his domain. To provoke ibrahim into hasty action , as advised from deserters from the lodhi side, decide on night attack. The sally on the night of 19 april was made under command of mahdi khwaja. Since babur troops were not trained for night attacks, it was not decisive.
On 21 april babur decided to try his luck. Babur realized that since ibrahim is commanding bigger force, he might attempt to attack mughal flanks. So babur deployed his army with its right side protected by the suburb of the town named panipat. To protect the left side of his army , babur ordered his army to dig a ditch. At some places ditch was covered by mud to allow counter attack by small groups of two hundred cavalry each. These units were know as “braves”
Babur anticipated the mad onrush by ibrahim’s foot soldiers and might elephants . he insisted on constructing field fortifications. His men collected seven hundred carts. These carts carried guns as well as troops baggage. Ustad ali was ordered to join up these carts with ropes of raw hide. Babur admits in his memoirs that it is typical ottoman tactic for stopping an enemy cavalry charge. Ustad ali had witnessed battle of chaldiran fought near Tabriz between ottomans and safavids. Between every tow catrs in babur’s line. Six wooden tripods were set up. The matchlocks were to support their handguns on these tripods while firing. The matchlock men under ustaad quli supplanted by cannon in cart under Mustafa were in charge of securing front of mughal army.
!8 year old hamyaun commanded the right wing of the mughal line. The mughal left was under Muhammad mirza. The advanced guards were under khusrau kukaldus. Abdul aziz was in charge of reserve. The mughal centre was divided into two parts. The right hand of mughal centre was under chin timur and khalifa khaja commanded the left part of it. The most crucial component of mughal force was tulghama contingents. . they were the flanking parties. Their aim being to charge at enemy’s sides and thereby to turn their flanks. after this the two tulghama contingents were to join hands at the rear of enemy thus completely surrounding him. The Uzbeks of central Asia were adept at implementing this tactic.
Babur plan was to allow ibrahim attack first and then check it through prudent use of filed fortifactions, cannons and matchlocks. If this succeeded . the afghan attack would come to a halt. Babur then planned to throw his fresh tulghama parties against ibrahim;s exhausted troops to encircle and eliminate them.
When the order to advance was given , ibrahin’s troops moved forward and the troops on ibrahim;s left were able to reach mughal right. The reserve under abdul aziz strengthened the mughal’s right. Simultaneously babur ordered the braves to counter-attack, and ibrahim’s left wing came to a halt. Moments later, the lodhi right wing, with some elephants, clashed with mugahl left. There was close quarter hand to hand combat with ibrahim’s infantry, armed with swords. A combination of arrows loosened by croos0bow men , and the shots of matchlock and cannon, forced out elephants. Lodhi troops were confused, they were undecided whether to advance again or retreat, Babur realized that decisive moment has arrived. His ordered his centre to stand firm and right and left wings to advance and attack the lodhis. To add confusion, babur simultaneously launched his trump cards, the tulghama contingents. The turning parties, galloping forward at high speed, shouting “hai, hai”, discharged arrows towards the flank of enemies. At this point babur’s army looked like two horns of a crescent attempting to swallow the lodhi army. Troops on the right and left of ibrahim felt the pressure of tulghama parties and started retreating towards centre. The rain of arrows loosened on ibrahim;s massed troops by the mounted archers resulted in massive resulted in massive slaughter. The lodhi sioldiers tried to flee the battlefield but were slaughtered., Ibrahim, like paurava, possessed personal courage and he fought and died in the battlefield. Even his arch enemy babur paid respect to his dead body, touching it and crying out over it , ‘honour to your courage’.
Over seventy percent of ibrahim’s forces suffered casualties. About 35,000 soldiers on lodhi side were wounded and the 15,000 dead soldiers from the lodhi force lay scattered on battlefield. The battle lasted for six hours .
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC&pg=PA64&dq=ibrahim lodhi babur&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lwx-U_fzKYiU0AWTkIAY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ibrahim lodhi babur&f=true
Battle of Khanwa, 1527
Khanwa is about 60 km west of Agra. Here the epic battle between the Muslim Mughals and the Confederation of Hindus and Afghans would play out. Mahmud Lodhi, brother of ibrahim lodhi, who had survived the first battle of Panipat came to the Rana along with his 10,000 horsemen and the Rana accepted him as an ally against Babur. Sultan Mahmud Lodi was acknowledged by the Afghans of the Delhi kingdom and by the Rana as the successor of his brother Ibrahim Lodi though he possessed no territory yet . Hasan khan mewati, a muslim rajput ruler , contributed 12,000 soldiers to the grand alliance. In rana sanga’s camp , nearly all the rajput chiefs, with their armed contingents, had reported at his camp.
The rajput confederacy, against babur , was formed on the initiative of hasan khan mewati. Mahmud lodhi was set up as the king and is reported to have issued a gold coin from rana sanga’s camp, Which carried his name as the reigning sultan . babur denounced the afghans who opposed him as kafirs and mulhids.
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=K4SzQL1uds4C&pg=PA482&dq=mewati Mahmud Lodi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jCt-U46iIa-a0QWxp4HgBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mewati Mahmud Lodi&f=true
It doesn’t seem that ran sanga had learnt any thing from the tactics of babur at panipat. H was proud of his elephants and swordsmen , and in the usual fashion, delivered a furious attack on babur’s right. He would have broken through but for timely reinforcements dispatched by babur. Once the advance of rajputs and their afghan allies had been contained., babur’s wheeling parties came into play. The carts and matchlock-men were also ordered to advance. Rana and his allies were hemmed in. despite gallant resistance, rana suffred a disastrous defeat. Hasan Khan Mewati was among the slain. Sultan Mahmud Lodi escaped. He took refuge in Gujarat.
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA34&dq=mewati Mahmud Lodi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jCt-U46iIa-a0QWxp4HgBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mewati Mahmud Lodi&f=false
Battle of Ghaghra, 1529
The Battle of Ghagra in 1529 was the last war of Babur in India. The battle was fought with the Afghans, on the confluence of the Ganga and its tributary, the Ghagara, on 6th May, 1529.
Sultan Mahmud Lodi, who had escaped from Khanua after Rana Sanga’s defeat, established himself in Bihar and gathered a large army which was estimated at 100,000 strong. At the head of this force he advanced on Banaras and proceeded beyond it as far as Chunar. He laid siege to the fortress of Chunar; but as Babur proceeded against him, the Afghans were filled with consternation, raised the siege and withdrew. Babur pursued and drove them into Bengal.
Anxious to put an end to the Afghan threat once for all, Babur decided to bring them to battle. But he was at peace with Nusrat Shah of Bengal with whom the Afghan chiefs, headed by Mahmud Lodi, had taken shelter. So he opened negotiations with Nusrat Shah, but nothing came out of it. He was obliged, therefore, to send an ultimatum asking for a passage and in the event of refusal, holding him responsible for the consequences.
Babur fought a battle with the Afghans, on the confluence of the Ganga and its tributary, the Ghagara, on 6th May, 1529. In the conflict, which was tough, boats and artillery were used by both sides. The Afghans were defeated. A treaty was now concluded between Babur and Nusrat Shah agreed not to give shelter to Babur’s enemies. This was Babur’s last battle in India. As the result of this contest he became the sovereign of Bihar, and the Afghan chiefs joined him with their troops. He was now in possession of this country from the Indus to Bihar and from the Himalayas to Gwalior and Chanderi.
Battle of Ghagra (1529) - Important India
In 1526 babur captured Kabul. For several years he tried to re-conquer his hereditary domain but failed, The deficit economy of mountainous plateau of Afghanistan forced babur’s attention towards India. The stories of riches of India and plunder picked up by his ancestor timur inflamed babur passion . moreover babur required glory and money to keep the afghan soldiers under his control. Otherwise they would desert mughal standards and join the rebellious chieftains, who from their hilly stronghold, were threatening babur’s shaky rule.
Babur decided to test the quality of ibrahim’s military responses by conducting frontier raids. In 1519 babur took the bajaur fort, plundered bhira and then returned to Kabul. In 1520 he led a plundering expedition upon Sialkot. He continued such raids till 1524.The inaction of ibrahim lodhi’s government encouraged babur to stake every thing towards decisive throw of dice. Babur crossed the Rubicon when he launched his main invasion in the winter of 1525. His force crossed the Indus over attock.
Initially the delhi court thought babur was leading yet another plundering expedition. But when they won Punjab , ibrahim realized the gravity of situation and set his military machine in motion.. ibrahim himself accompanied the army, which was under his general bahadur khan. Lethargy, indiscipline and indecisiveness dogged the lodhi army. After one day march , the lodhi force halted for two or four days. It was as if ibrahim didn’t know what to do, advance or retreat.
Ibrahim had more than one hundred thousand men and one thousand elephants. However it is improbable that he brought this whole army to fight the mughal invaders. It was impossible to move one thousands elephants simultaneously because each such animal daily required huge amounts of water and fodder. Moreover while the rajput ruler, rana sanga threatened the southern boundry of ibrahim’s domain, recalcitrant afghan chiefs created problems in the eastern parts. To guard against these two threats, ibrahim had to detached substantial number of troops and elephants.
One of the ibrahim’s commander daud khan lodhi advanced seven miles from the main army to test the mughal army’s strength. Several skirmishes occurred between the afghan and the mughal advance guards before the main battle was fought. Babur mobile cavlry took many afghan prisoners.
Thanks to his long experience of fighting in central Asia, babur was adept at using violence to terrorize his opponents. On march 1526 , babur deliberately killed all his afghan prisoners and made a pyramid with their skulls. On 12 April 1526 two opposing forces finally met at panipat.
Babur needed a quick victory, because he was far away from his base Kabul. The uzbkes were threatening to invade his domain. To provoke ibrahim into hasty action , as advised from deserters from the lodhi side, decide on night attack. The sally on the night of 19 april was made under command of mahdi khwaja. Since babur troops were not trained for night attacks, it was not decisive.
On 21 april babur decided to try his luck. Babur realized that since ibrahim is commanding bigger force, he might attempt to attack mughal flanks. So babur deployed his army with its right side protected by the suburb of the town named panipat. To protect the left side of his army , babur ordered his army to dig a ditch. At some places ditch was covered by mud to allow counter attack by small groups of two hundred cavalry each. These units were know as “braves”
Babur anticipated the mad onrush by ibrahim’s foot soldiers and might elephants . he insisted on constructing field fortifications. His men collected seven hundred carts. These carts carried guns as well as troops baggage. Ustad ali was ordered to join up these carts with ropes of raw hide. Babur admits in his memoirs that it is typical ottoman tactic for stopping an enemy cavalry charge. Ustad ali had witnessed battle of chaldiran fought near Tabriz between ottomans and safavids. Between every tow catrs in babur’s line. Six wooden tripods were set up. The matchlocks were to support their handguns on these tripods while firing. The matchlock men under ustaad quli supplanted by cannon in cart under Mustafa were in charge of securing front of mughal army.
!8 year old hamyaun commanded the right wing of the mughal line. The mughal left was under Muhammad mirza. The advanced guards were under khusrau kukaldus. Abdul aziz was in charge of reserve. The mughal centre was divided into two parts. The right hand of mughal centre was under chin timur and khalifa khaja commanded the left part of it. The most crucial component of mughal force was tulghama contingents. . they were the flanking parties. Their aim being to charge at enemy’s sides and thereby to turn their flanks. after this the two tulghama contingents were to join hands at the rear of enemy thus completely surrounding him. The Uzbeks of central Asia were adept at implementing this tactic.
Babur plan was to allow ibrahim attack first and then check it through prudent use of filed fortifactions, cannons and matchlocks. If this succeeded . the afghan attack would come to a halt. Babur then planned to throw his fresh tulghama parties against ibrahim;s exhausted troops to encircle and eliminate them.
When the order to advance was given , ibrahin’s troops moved forward and the troops on ibrahim;s left were able to reach mughal right. The reserve under abdul aziz strengthened the mughal’s right. Simultaneously babur ordered the braves to counter-attack, and ibrahim’s left wing came to a halt. Moments later, the lodhi right wing, with some elephants, clashed with mugahl left. There was close quarter hand to hand combat with ibrahim’s infantry, armed with swords. A combination of arrows loosened by croos0bow men , and the shots of matchlock and cannon, forced out elephants. Lodhi troops were confused, they were undecided whether to advance again or retreat, Babur realized that decisive moment has arrived. His ordered his centre to stand firm and right and left wings to advance and attack the lodhis. To add confusion, babur simultaneously launched his trump cards, the tulghama contingents. The turning parties, galloping forward at high speed, shouting “hai, hai”, discharged arrows towards the flank of enemies. At this point babur’s army looked like two horns of a crescent attempting to swallow the lodhi army. Troops on the right and left of ibrahim felt the pressure of tulghama parties and started retreating towards centre. The rain of arrows loosened on ibrahim;s massed troops by the mounted archers resulted in massive resulted in massive slaughter. The lodhi sioldiers tried to flee the battlefield but were slaughtered., Ibrahim, like paurava, possessed personal courage and he fought and died in the battlefield. Even his arch enemy babur paid respect to his dead body, touching it and crying out over it , ‘honour to your courage’.
Over seventy percent of ibrahim’s forces suffered casualties. About 35,000 soldiers on lodhi side were wounded and the 15,000 dead soldiers from the lodhi force lay scattered on battlefield. The battle lasted for six hours .
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC&pg=PA64&dq=ibrahim lodhi babur&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lwx-U_fzKYiU0AWTkIAY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ibrahim lodhi babur&f=true
Battle of Khanwa, 1527
Khanwa is about 60 km west of Agra. Here the epic battle between the Muslim Mughals and the Confederation of Hindus and Afghans would play out. Mahmud Lodhi, brother of ibrahim lodhi, who had survived the first battle of Panipat came to the Rana along with his 10,000 horsemen and the Rana accepted him as an ally against Babur. Sultan Mahmud Lodi was acknowledged by the Afghans of the Delhi kingdom and by the Rana as the successor of his brother Ibrahim Lodi though he possessed no territory yet . Hasan khan mewati, a muslim rajput ruler , contributed 12,000 soldiers to the grand alliance. In rana sanga’s camp , nearly all the rajput chiefs, with their armed contingents, had reported at his camp.
The rajput confederacy, against babur , was formed on the initiative of hasan khan mewati. Mahmud lodhi was set up as the king and is reported to have issued a gold coin from rana sanga’s camp, Which carried his name as the reigning sultan . babur denounced the afghans who opposed him as kafirs and mulhids.
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=K4SzQL1uds4C&pg=PA482&dq=mewati Mahmud Lodi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jCt-U46iIa-a0QWxp4HgBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mewati Mahmud Lodi&f=true
It doesn’t seem that ran sanga had learnt any thing from the tactics of babur at panipat. H was proud of his elephants and swordsmen , and in the usual fashion, delivered a furious attack on babur’s right. He would have broken through but for timely reinforcements dispatched by babur. Once the advance of rajputs and their afghan allies had been contained., babur’s wheeling parties came into play. The carts and matchlock-men were also ordered to advance. Rana and his allies were hemmed in. despite gallant resistance, rana suffred a disastrous defeat. Hasan Khan Mewati was among the slain. Sultan Mahmud Lodi escaped. He took refuge in Gujarat.
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA34&dq=mewati Mahmud Lodi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jCt-U46iIa-a0QWxp4HgBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mewati Mahmud Lodi&f=false
Battle of Ghaghra, 1529
The Battle of Ghagra in 1529 was the last war of Babur in India. The battle was fought with the Afghans, on the confluence of the Ganga and its tributary, the Ghagara, on 6th May, 1529.
Sultan Mahmud Lodi, who had escaped from Khanua after Rana Sanga’s defeat, established himself in Bihar and gathered a large army which was estimated at 100,000 strong. At the head of this force he advanced on Banaras and proceeded beyond it as far as Chunar. He laid siege to the fortress of Chunar; but as Babur proceeded against him, the Afghans were filled with consternation, raised the siege and withdrew. Babur pursued and drove them into Bengal.
Anxious to put an end to the Afghan threat once for all, Babur decided to bring them to battle. But he was at peace with Nusrat Shah of Bengal with whom the Afghan chiefs, headed by Mahmud Lodi, had taken shelter. So he opened negotiations with Nusrat Shah, but nothing came out of it. He was obliged, therefore, to send an ultimatum asking for a passage and in the event of refusal, holding him responsible for the consequences.
Babur fought a battle with the Afghans, on the confluence of the Ganga and its tributary, the Ghagara, on 6th May, 1529. In the conflict, which was tough, boats and artillery were used by both sides. The Afghans were defeated. A treaty was now concluded between Babur and Nusrat Shah agreed not to give shelter to Babur’s enemies. This was Babur’s last battle in India. As the result of this contest he became the sovereign of Bihar, and the Afghan chiefs joined him with their troops. He was now in possession of this country from the Indus to Bihar and from the Himalayas to Gwalior and Chanderi.
Battle of Ghagra (1529) - Important India
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