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High housing prices were long the subject of derision by the public, who have regarded the primary problem as high priced land sales by the government. However, the exact contribution of land sales to national revenue has always been a mystery. Yesterday, the Center for National Status Monitoring and Research's researcher Guan Qingyou revealed the shocking extent of land sales in a microblog: In the 21 year period from 1989 to 2010, national land sales total revenue increased 6732 times, and its proportion out of total government revenue increased 300 times.
Land sale revenues increased from 4.5 x 10^8 (450 million) RMB to 30000 x 10^8 (3 trillion) RMB.
Guan Qingyou in his microblog revealed a document named <Land sales and local government revenue> and its accompanying statistical tables, which showed every year from 1989 and 2010's land sale prices, total government revenues and revenues derived from land sales. The numbers have left many tongue twisted.
The revenue derived from land sales are as such: In 1989, 447 million RMB were derived from land sales; in 1991, this figure jumped to 10.187 billion RMB, but from then on, it increased, reaching equilibrium at 50 to 60 billion RMB. However, in 2001, there was a large jump; from the previous years' 60 billion, it increased to 129.6 billion. In the next 10 years, this number geometrically increased; in 2007, it surpassed 1 trillion for the first time, and tripled in 3 years to 3 trillion, increasing 70% per year. The total rate of increase from 1989's 447 million RMB to 2010's 3 trillion RMB was 6732 times.
In 21 years, local government revenues increased 21 times.
At the same time as land prices have increased, the local government revenue has also increased. According to the leaked statistics, in 1989, total local government revenue was 184.238 billion RMB, and until 2003, increased relatively slowly to 984.998 billion. However, in 2004, it broke 1 trillion for the first time at 1.189337 trillion RMB. From then on, it displayed geometric growth again; in 2007, it doubled to 2.357 trillion RMB; in 2009 it broke 3 trillion for the first time; in 2010, 4 trillion. In the past 21 years, it has increased 21 times.
Along with the quick increase in land sale revenues and local government revenues, the proportion that land sales contribute to government revenue has also increased. According to the leaked statistics, in 1989 the proportion of government revenue derived from land sales was 0.24%. From 1992, it increased to over 10%, in 1994 20%, but stabilized at that value for the next decade. In 2003, it showed marked increase, reaching 55.04% within 1 year. In the next few years, it showed some fluctuations, but in 2010, it reached a new high at 74.14%. Relative to the 1989 levels, the proportion of land sale revenue out of total government revenue increased 308 times.
Guan Qingyou in his microblog noted that the statistics were all derived from the 1989-2010 records of the <National Resource and Land Statistical Abstract> and <National Resource and Land Statistical Report> as well as the <China Statistical Abstract>, along with other official records.
Tsinghua Scholar: Land Sales Negatively Affect the National Economy
"From these numbers, we can tell that local governments have come to rely on land sales more and more," Guan Qingyou said in his interview with this newspaper yesterday.
According to his analysis, the reason for the double increase in both land sale revenue and its proportion of local government revenue is due to the increasing price of land. With the acceleration of urbanization and the quick construction of infrastructure, housing and other public goods that require large tracts of land, the price of land has steadily increased. This became especially acute after 2002, when the command economy's planned distribution of land gave way to the free auction system. The price of land flew upwards, and the rising price of land increased the local government's revenue to the point where governments depended on it; in addition, the change in currency policy also increased the land prices, especially the loose money policies in 1992 and 2003. "The dependence of local governments on land sales has negatively affected our national economy", Guan Qingyou said. And the most obvious manifestation of this influence is the marked increase in housing prices. The only way to mitigate housing price increases, is to eliminate the role of land sale revenues in local government.
高房价早已备受诟病，民间多将其根源指向土地财政。但是，土地财政对卖地收入的依赖到底有多大，始终是个谜 。昨日，清华大学国情研究中心研究员管清友在其微博中对此进行了披露，结论令人震惊：1989年至2010 年的21年间，全国土地成交价款增长了6732倍，而卖地收入相当于地方财政收入的比例涨幅也超过300倍 。
　　土地成交款：从4.5亿飙到3万亿
　　管清友在微博中列出的这份名为《土地成交价款相当于地方财政收入的比例》的统计表，逐年列举了从198 9年到2010年的土地成交价格、地方财政收入及比例3部分内容。从表中可以看出，数字增长之快 令人咂舌。
　　就土地成交价款来说，1989年为4.47亿元；1991年突破百亿，为101.87亿元；此后逐年增 长，期间稍微波动，但大部分时间维持在五六百亿元。但到了2001年突然大增，从前一年的不足600亿元， 猛涨至1296亿元。此后的10年间，这一数字更是逐年飞涨，2007年突破万亿，为12216.72亿元 ，2010年达到令人吃惊的30108.93亿元，与上年度相比，增长了70%以上。
　　而从1989年的4.47亿元，到2010年的30108.93亿元，21年间土地成交价款增幅达到6 732倍。
　　21年间地方财政收入增长了21倍多
　　与卖地收入同步增长的，还有地方财政收入。从该统计表可以看出，1989年时，地方财政收入总额为18 42.38亿元，之后一直到2003年呈现小幅波动但长期增长的趋势，当年收入为9849.98亿元。但从 2004年开始突破万亿，当年为11893.37亿元。随后几年里，地方财政收入也似乎坐上了快车，连年增 长，不断刷新纪录：2007年突破2万亿，达到23572.62亿元；2009年再破3万亿，实现收入32 602.59亿元。到了2010年，再次创出新高，为40613.04亿元。粗略算笔账，21年间，地方财 政收入增长了21倍多。
　　伴随着卖地收入和地方财政收入的双双走高，卖地收入在地方财政收入中的比重也是水涨船高。该统计表显示 ，1989年时土地收入相当于地方财政收入的比例为0.24%，从1992年开始占比超过一成，1994年 突破2成，之后始终维持在一成左右。到了2003年便开始突然发力，达到55.04%；之后几年略有波动， 但到了2010年，这一比例达到最高点74.14%。相比1989年，卖地收入相当于地方财政收入的比例增 长了308倍。
　　管清友在微博中注明，统计表所列出的各项数据，分别来自于1989年-2010年《中国国土资源统计年鉴》、《国土资源统计公报》、《中国统计年鉴》等权威途径。
　　清华学者：土地财政对我国经济影响巨大
　　"从这些统计数据我们能够清楚地看到，地方财政收入对于卖地收入的依赖性在不断提高！"昨日，发表此篇 博文的清华大学国情研究中心研究员管清友在接受本报记者采访时表示。
　　他分析认为，导致卖地收入和地方财政收入快速增长的主要原因，首先是土地成交价格的持续上升。随着城市 化进程的加快，基础设施建设、房屋建设等对土地的需求大大增加，导致地价不断上涨。尤其是土地政策由划拨制 度2002年转为"招拍挂"制度后，地价更是突飞猛进。而地价的上涨，直接带动了地方财政收入的增加，导致 很多地方政府依靠卖地来增加收入，对土地财政的依赖也越来越大；其次，货币政策的变化也导致土地收入过快上 涨。尤其是分别从1992年和2003年开始的两轮宽松的货币政策。"地方政府对土地财政的依赖，对我国经 济发展的影响是巨大的。"管清友认为。而表现最明显的就是房价的过快上涨。所以，要稳定房地产市场，主要措 施之一就是使地方政府逐步摆脱对土地财政的依赖。
High housing prices were long the subject of derision by the public, who have regarded the primary problem as high priced land sales by the government. However, the exact contribution of land sales to national revenue has always been a mystery. Yesterday, the Center for National Status Monitoring and Research's researcher Guan Qingyou revealed the shocking extent of land sales in a microblog: In the 21 year period from 1989 to 2010, national land sales total revenue increased 6732 times, and its proportion out of total government revenue increased 300 times.
Land sale revenues increased from 4.5 x 10^8 (450 million) RMB to 30000 x 10^8 (3 trillion) RMB.
Guan Qingyou in his microblog revealed a document named <Land sales and local government revenue> and its accompanying statistical tables, which showed every year from 1989 and 2010's land sale prices, total government revenues and revenues derived from land sales. The numbers have left many tongue twisted.
The revenue derived from land sales are as such: In 1989, 447 million RMB were derived from land sales; in 1991, this figure jumped to 10.187 billion RMB, but from then on, it increased, reaching equilibrium at 50 to 60 billion RMB. However, in 2001, there was a large jump; from the previous years' 60 billion, it increased to 129.6 billion. In the next 10 years, this number geometrically increased; in 2007, it surpassed 1 trillion for the first time, and tripled in 3 years to 3 trillion, increasing 70% per year. The total rate of increase from 1989's 447 million RMB to 2010's 3 trillion RMB was 6732 times.
In 21 years, local government revenues increased 21 times.
At the same time as land prices have increased, the local government revenue has also increased. According to the leaked statistics, in 1989, total local government revenue was 184.238 billion RMB, and until 2003, increased relatively slowly to 984.998 billion. However, in 2004, it broke 1 trillion for the first time at 1.189337 trillion RMB. From then on, it displayed geometric growth again; in 2007, it doubled to 2.357 trillion RMB; in 2009 it broke 3 trillion for the first time; in 2010, 4 trillion. In the past 21 years, it has increased 21 times.
Along with the quick increase in land sale revenues and local government revenues, the proportion that land sales contribute to government revenue has also increased. According to the leaked statistics, in 1989 the proportion of government revenue derived from land sales was 0.24%. From 1992, it increased to over 10%, in 1994 20%, but stabilized at that value for the next decade. In 2003, it showed marked increase, reaching 55.04% within 1 year. In the next few years, it showed some fluctuations, but in 2010, it reached a new high at 74.14%. Relative to the 1989 levels, the proportion of land sale revenue out of total government revenue increased 308 times.
Guan Qingyou in his microblog noted that the statistics were all derived from the 1989-2010 records of the <National Resource and Land Statistical Abstract> and <National Resource and Land Statistical Report> as well as the <China Statistical Abstract>, along with other official records.
Tsinghua Scholar: Land Sales Negatively Affect the National Economy
"From these numbers, we can tell that local governments have come to rely on land sales more and more," Guan Qingyou said in his interview with this newspaper yesterday.
According to his analysis, the reason for the double increase in both land sale revenue and its proportion of local government revenue is due to the increasing price of land. With the acceleration of urbanization and the quick construction of infrastructure, housing and other public goods that require large tracts of land, the price of land has steadily increased. This became especially acute after 2002, when the command economy's planned distribution of land gave way to the free auction system. The price of land flew upwards, and the rising price of land increased the local government's revenue to the point where governments depended on it; in addition, the change in currency policy also increased the land prices, especially the loose money policies in 1992 and 2003. "The dependence of local governments on land sales has negatively affected our national economy", Guan Qingyou said. And the most obvious manifestation of this influence is the marked increase in housing prices. The only way to mitigate housing price increases, is to eliminate the role of land sale revenues in local government.
高房价早已备受诟病，民间多将其根源指向土地财政。但是，土地财政对卖地收入的依赖到底有多大，始终是个谜 。昨日，清华大学国情研究中心研究员管清友在其微博中对此进行了披露，结论令人震惊：1989年至2010 年的21年间，全国土地成交价款增长了6732倍，而卖地收入相当于地方财政收入的比例涨幅也超过300倍 。
　　土地成交款：从4.5亿飙到3万亿
　　管清友在微博中列出的这份名为《土地成交价款相当于地方财政收入的比例》的统计表，逐年列举了从198 9年到2010年的土地成交价格、地方财政收入及比例3部分内容。从表中可以看出，数字增长之快 令人咂舌。
　　就土地成交价款来说，1989年为4.47亿元；1991年突破百亿，为101.87亿元；此后逐年增 长，期间稍微波动，但大部分时间维持在五六百亿元。但到了2001年突然大增，从前一年的不足600亿元， 猛涨至1296亿元。此后的10年间，这一数字更是逐年飞涨，2007年突破万亿，为12216.72亿元 ，2010年达到令人吃惊的30108.93亿元，与上年度相比，增长了70%以上。
　　而从1989年的4.47亿元，到2010年的30108.93亿元，21年间土地成交价款增幅达到6 732倍。
　　21年间地方财政收入增长了21倍多
　　与卖地收入同步增长的，还有地方财政收入。从该统计表可以看出，1989年时，地方财政收入总额为18 42.38亿元，之后一直到2003年呈现小幅波动但长期增长的趋势，当年收入为9849.98亿元。但从 2004年开始突破万亿，当年为11893.37亿元。随后几年里，地方财政收入也似乎坐上了快车，连年增 长，不断刷新纪录：2007年突破2万亿，达到23572.62亿元；2009年再破3万亿，实现收入32 602.59亿元。到了2010年，再次创出新高，为40613.04亿元。粗略算笔账，21年间，地方财 政收入增长了21倍多。
　　伴随着卖地收入和地方财政收入的双双走高，卖地收入在地方财政收入中的比重也是水涨船高。该统计表显示 ，1989年时土地收入相当于地方财政收入的比例为0.24%，从1992年开始占比超过一成，1994年 突破2成，之后始终维持在一成左右。到了2003年便开始突然发力，达到55.04%；之后几年略有波动， 但到了2010年，这一比例达到最高点74.14%。相比1989年，卖地收入相当于地方财政收入的比例增 长了308倍。
　　管清友在微博中注明，统计表所列出的各项数据，分别来自于1989年-2010年《中国国土资源统计年鉴》、《国土资源统计公报》、《中国统计年鉴》等权威途径。
　　清华学者：土地财政对我国经济影响巨大
　　"从这些统计数据我们能够清楚地看到，地方财政收入对于卖地收入的依赖性在不断提高！"昨日，发表此篇 博文的清华大学国情研究中心研究员管清友在接受本报记者采访时表示。
　　他分析认为，导致卖地收入和地方财政收入快速增长的主要原因，首先是土地成交价格的持续上升。随着城市 化进程的加快，基础设施建设、房屋建设等对土地的需求大大增加，导致地价不断上涨。尤其是土地政策由划拨制 度2002年转为"招拍挂"制度后，地价更是突飞猛进。而地价的上涨，直接带动了地方财政收入的增加，导致 很多地方政府依靠卖地来增加收入，对土地财政的依赖也越来越大；其次，货币政策的变化也导致土地收入过快上 涨。尤其是分别从1992年和2003年开始的两轮宽松的货币政策。"地方政府对土地财政的依赖，对我国经 济发展的影响是巨大的。"管清友认为。而表现最明显的就是房价的过快上涨。所以，要稳定房地产市场，主要措 施之一就是使地方政府逐步摆脱对土地财政的依赖。
