You missed my point COMPLETELY. Mostly I think you have NO IDEA how espionage works.
Collecting Data itself is NOT an action of espionage, EVERYONE COLLECT YOUR INFOMRATION. When you uses google, Microsoft or any IT or communication product (Such as Mobile Phone, Internet Network). You are require to sign a service agreement BEFORE you can use said service. And in said service agreement, it detail how and/or what kind of information they are collected and how they are used. If you don't agree to that, you don't need to use them.
So, what if company like Apple, Microsoft collect your information and send it to the government? Are they allowed? To a degree, yes, under the service agreement you and said company signed. And The government will use them as overt information gathering.
However, when said information is passed on to a third party, that is when this process become an "Espionage" notice that Allies is NOT a third party, because if information is being shared between Allies, that is not an act of espionage, it only an act of espionage when the information obtained illegally.
Now, Poland is part of EU and part of NATO, which mean Poland is an allies of the United States, not an allies of China, I don't suppose Polish Government will willingly handed the information they have collected overtly to China, they will do that to the US. Which mean if China have these information, they come from an act of espionage. Now, if this is not Poland, but Pakistan, there are a better chance Pakistani government will handover the information they collected overtly on the local population to the Chinese, and in this case, that will not be an espionage.
Everybody spy on everybody, so what? It's how this world acts, you can pretend you don't do that in Pakistan or China, but that doesn't mean they actually don't. It's an accepted practice to spy on the people of its own government, it's accepted to share said intelligence within one's allies. But what it is not accepted is that you try to pry information out of non-allies, that is what we call, an act of espionage.
So it come back to the same question I ask on Post 1. Would Pakistan arrest a Chinese Spy if the Pakistani Government found out he/she is spying for the Chinese government?