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By James Rupert
Oct. 8 (Bloomberg) -- When Jalaluddin Haqqani fought Soviet troops in Afghanistan in the 1980s, the U.S. showered him with praise, guns and money. The congressman celebrated in ``Charlie Wilson's War,'' the movie and book about that conflict, called him ``goodness personified.''
Now the U.S. is trying to kill Haqqani, who commands a Taliban guerrilla force fighting Americans in five Afghan provinces from his base in western Pakistan.
Haqqani has eluded his pursuers, former U.S. officials say, with help from the intelligence services of Pakistan's military, which the U.S. also has showered with guns and money. The army also has given Haqqani a pass, bypassing his base during its two-month offensive against other Taliban groups in the region.
The Afghan tribal chief illustrates one reason the U.S. has failed to win the war on terrorism: Its enemies are sheltered by its friends.
``Haqqani is the biggest threat in eastern Afghanistan,'' said Peter Tomsen, a retired U.S. ambassador who knows him personally from the Soviet war. Pakistan's military intelligence agencies ``know where Haqqani is, but they're protecting him. They know he's sending people across the border to kill Americans and Afghans.''
Estimated by news reports to be in his 60s or 70s, Haqqani appeared frail in a video his organization released early this year. His network's military operations now are run by his son, Sirajuddin Haqqani, 28, said the News, an English-language newspaper in Pakistan.
The Early Years
The elder Haqqani was born on the Afghan side of the border and in about 1974 settled 10 miles inside Pakistan, in Miramshah, said Mohammed Yaqub Sharafat, director of Afghan Islamic Press, a news agency specializing in that country's wars. From there, he began organizing forces against the Afghan government, Sharafat said.
Pakistan's military for decades has backed guerrilla groups in Afghanistan and India to maintain leverage against its neighbors, according to Ahmed Rashid, a Lahore-based analyst who wrote about the U.S.-led war on terror in the June 2008 book ``Descent Into Chaos.''
After the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Haqqani became a commander in the mujahedeen resistance movement, receiving weapons from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the Pakistan military's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate.
`Engaging' and `Cruel'
``He was very engaging and hospitable,'' said Tomsen, who met Haqqani while serving as U.S. envoy to the mujahedeen. ``But he was also very cruel. He executed prisoners.''
When Wilson, the Texas Democrat who pushed covert mujahedeen funding through Congress, secretly visited Afghanistan in 1987, the ISI escorted him to meet Haqqani. Wilson, now 75, recounted the story to George Crile, the author of ``Charlie Wilson's War.''
Wilson, who retired from Congress in 1996, didn't respond to e-mail and phone messages to his Texas home.
The mujahedeen drove the Soviets out in 1989. When the Islamist Taliban movement arose in the 1990s, Pakistan's military helped it consolidate power in Afghanistan. As Taliban fighters swept toward Kabul, Haqqani allied with them, later becoming the Taliban government's tribal affairs minister.
In 2001, the U.S. pressed Pakistan's military ruler, Pervez Musharraf, to cut support for the Taliban because their leaders had sheltered Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda lieutenants as they planned the Sept. 11 attacks.
Partial Purge
Musharraf replaced his Islamist ISI chief, Lieutenant General Mahmood Ahmed, 26 days after those attacks. He also purged the army and the ISI of many but not all of their Islamic militant officers. Some officers remain committed to supporting the Taliban, according to Rashid, the analyst.
After Western forces led by the U.S. and Afghan warlords toppled the Taliban government in November 2001, Haqqani helped rebuild the movement in Pakistan's largely ungoverned northwestern borderlands.
Since then, the ISI has helped U.S. agencies capture al- Qaeda leaders as Musharraf declared Pakistan an ally in the fight against terrorism. In exchange, the U.S. gave Pakistan $10 billion in aid, according to a 2007 study by the Washington- based Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Yet the ISI has continued to protect the Taliban, including Haqqani, in hopes of again using them to influence Afghanistan once U.S. forces leave, Tomsen said.
Plan Revealed
In 2005, a Pakistani intelligence officer tipped off Haqqani to a CIA plan to kill or capture him, said a retired CIA officer who served recently on counter-terrorism assignments in Pakistan.
The next year, the CIA asked Pakistan's military to approve a new Haqqani assassination plan but got no response, the retired officer said, asking not to be named because of the sensitivity of the information.
Vincent Cannistraro, the CIA's former counter-terrorism chief and now a private consultant, said ``current contacts in the business'' have told him that Pakistani intelligence officials alerted Haqqani to the planned 2005 raid.
``There have been other incidents, too, of leaks about these operations from the ISI,'' Cannistraro said.
CIA spokesman Paul Gimigliano said: ``The agency does not as a rule comment on these kinds of allegations.''
Pakistani military spokesman Major General Athar Abbas said there was no need to respond to the allegations because they were not an ``official complaint.''
Retired, Not Current
In an October 2006 appearance on NBC's ``Meet the Press,'' Musharraf said retired pro-Taliban ISI officers were helping anti-U.S. guerrillas but current officers were not.
``It's an open secret'' that ISI officers still back Haqqani and the Taliban, said Ashraf Ali, a Pakistani journalist and researcher on the Taliban at the University of Peshawar.
``Haqqani's fighters and commanders travel freely and continue to operate'' throughout Miramshah and the surrounding district of North Waziristan, Ali said, citing interviews with local residents. They ``are openly recruiting Taliban fighters and giving them basic military training.''
Seven years after Musharraf ended overt support for the Taliban, the movement and Haqqani continue to bedevil the region. Pakistan blamed the Taliban for last month's bombing of Islamabad's Marriott Hotel, which killed 53. Afghanistan's government accuses the ISI and Haqqani's network of organizing an April assassination attempt on President Hamid Karzai and the July 7 bombing of the Indian embassy in Kabul.
Transfer Undone
Pakistan's civilian government, now controlled by Musharraf's opponents under President Asif Ali Zardari, failed in an attempt this year to assert authority over the ISI. On July 26, Zardari announced the agency's transfer to the Interior Ministry to put it ``under the elected government's control,'' the newspaper Dawn reported.
Within hours, Zardari announced the move had been ``misunderstood'' and reversed it under what Pakistani news reports called military pressure.
On Sept. 8, American Predator drones fired missiles into Haqqani's mud-walled family compound in Miramshah, according to Pakistani news reports citing residents and officials.
The strike killed members of Haqqani's family and at least three Arab al-Qaeda guerrillas, Pakistani newspapers reported. The News quoted unnamed family members as saying the Haqqani men were mostly in Afghanistan at the time.
A week later, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Richard Boucher publicly complained about the ISI in a Reuters interview, calling for the agency to be reformed.
On Sept. 29, Pakistan's army chief, General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, named Lieutenant General Shujaa Pasha as the ISI's new director. Pasha has been responsible for the army's day-to-day functioning over the past two years -- including security operations in the tribal region.
Bloomberg.com: India & Pakistan
Oct. 8 (Bloomberg) -- When Jalaluddin Haqqani fought Soviet troops in Afghanistan in the 1980s, the U.S. showered him with praise, guns and money. The congressman celebrated in ``Charlie Wilson's War,'' the movie and book about that conflict, called him ``goodness personified.''
Now the U.S. is trying to kill Haqqani, who commands a Taliban guerrilla force fighting Americans in five Afghan provinces from his base in western Pakistan.
Haqqani has eluded his pursuers, former U.S. officials say, with help from the intelligence services of Pakistan's military, which the U.S. also has showered with guns and money. The army also has given Haqqani a pass, bypassing his base during its two-month offensive against other Taliban groups in the region.
The Afghan tribal chief illustrates one reason the U.S. has failed to win the war on terrorism: Its enemies are sheltered by its friends.
``Haqqani is the biggest threat in eastern Afghanistan,'' said Peter Tomsen, a retired U.S. ambassador who knows him personally from the Soviet war. Pakistan's military intelligence agencies ``know where Haqqani is, but they're protecting him. They know he's sending people across the border to kill Americans and Afghans.''
Estimated by news reports to be in his 60s or 70s, Haqqani appeared frail in a video his organization released early this year. His network's military operations now are run by his son, Sirajuddin Haqqani, 28, said the News, an English-language newspaper in Pakistan.
The Early Years
The elder Haqqani was born on the Afghan side of the border and in about 1974 settled 10 miles inside Pakistan, in Miramshah, said Mohammed Yaqub Sharafat, director of Afghan Islamic Press, a news agency specializing in that country's wars. From there, he began organizing forces against the Afghan government, Sharafat said.
Pakistan's military for decades has backed guerrilla groups in Afghanistan and India to maintain leverage against its neighbors, according to Ahmed Rashid, a Lahore-based analyst who wrote about the U.S.-led war on terror in the June 2008 book ``Descent Into Chaos.''
After the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Haqqani became a commander in the mujahedeen resistance movement, receiving weapons from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the Pakistan military's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate.
`Engaging' and `Cruel'
``He was very engaging and hospitable,'' said Tomsen, who met Haqqani while serving as U.S. envoy to the mujahedeen. ``But he was also very cruel. He executed prisoners.''
When Wilson, the Texas Democrat who pushed covert mujahedeen funding through Congress, secretly visited Afghanistan in 1987, the ISI escorted him to meet Haqqani. Wilson, now 75, recounted the story to George Crile, the author of ``Charlie Wilson's War.''
Wilson, who retired from Congress in 1996, didn't respond to e-mail and phone messages to his Texas home.
The mujahedeen drove the Soviets out in 1989. When the Islamist Taliban movement arose in the 1990s, Pakistan's military helped it consolidate power in Afghanistan. As Taliban fighters swept toward Kabul, Haqqani allied with them, later becoming the Taliban government's tribal affairs minister.
In 2001, the U.S. pressed Pakistan's military ruler, Pervez Musharraf, to cut support for the Taliban because their leaders had sheltered Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda lieutenants as they planned the Sept. 11 attacks.
Partial Purge
Musharraf replaced his Islamist ISI chief, Lieutenant General Mahmood Ahmed, 26 days after those attacks. He also purged the army and the ISI of many but not all of their Islamic militant officers. Some officers remain committed to supporting the Taliban, according to Rashid, the analyst.
After Western forces led by the U.S. and Afghan warlords toppled the Taliban government in November 2001, Haqqani helped rebuild the movement in Pakistan's largely ungoverned northwestern borderlands.
Since then, the ISI has helped U.S. agencies capture al- Qaeda leaders as Musharraf declared Pakistan an ally in the fight against terrorism. In exchange, the U.S. gave Pakistan $10 billion in aid, according to a 2007 study by the Washington- based Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Yet the ISI has continued to protect the Taliban, including Haqqani, in hopes of again using them to influence Afghanistan once U.S. forces leave, Tomsen said.
Plan Revealed
In 2005, a Pakistani intelligence officer tipped off Haqqani to a CIA plan to kill or capture him, said a retired CIA officer who served recently on counter-terrorism assignments in Pakistan.
The next year, the CIA asked Pakistan's military to approve a new Haqqani assassination plan but got no response, the retired officer said, asking not to be named because of the sensitivity of the information.
Vincent Cannistraro, the CIA's former counter-terrorism chief and now a private consultant, said ``current contacts in the business'' have told him that Pakistani intelligence officials alerted Haqqani to the planned 2005 raid.
``There have been other incidents, too, of leaks about these operations from the ISI,'' Cannistraro said.
CIA spokesman Paul Gimigliano said: ``The agency does not as a rule comment on these kinds of allegations.''
Pakistani military spokesman Major General Athar Abbas said there was no need to respond to the allegations because they were not an ``official complaint.''
Retired, Not Current
In an October 2006 appearance on NBC's ``Meet the Press,'' Musharraf said retired pro-Taliban ISI officers were helping anti-U.S. guerrillas but current officers were not.
``It's an open secret'' that ISI officers still back Haqqani and the Taliban, said Ashraf Ali, a Pakistani journalist and researcher on the Taliban at the University of Peshawar.
``Haqqani's fighters and commanders travel freely and continue to operate'' throughout Miramshah and the surrounding district of North Waziristan, Ali said, citing interviews with local residents. They ``are openly recruiting Taliban fighters and giving them basic military training.''
Seven years after Musharraf ended overt support for the Taliban, the movement and Haqqani continue to bedevil the region. Pakistan blamed the Taliban for last month's bombing of Islamabad's Marriott Hotel, which killed 53. Afghanistan's government accuses the ISI and Haqqani's network of organizing an April assassination attempt on President Hamid Karzai and the July 7 bombing of the Indian embassy in Kabul.
Transfer Undone
Pakistan's civilian government, now controlled by Musharraf's opponents under President Asif Ali Zardari, failed in an attempt this year to assert authority over the ISI. On July 26, Zardari announced the agency's transfer to the Interior Ministry to put it ``under the elected government's control,'' the newspaper Dawn reported.
Within hours, Zardari announced the move had been ``misunderstood'' and reversed it under what Pakistani news reports called military pressure.
On Sept. 8, American Predator drones fired missiles into Haqqani's mud-walled family compound in Miramshah, according to Pakistani news reports citing residents and officials.
The strike killed members of Haqqani's family and at least three Arab al-Qaeda guerrillas, Pakistani newspapers reported. The News quoted unnamed family members as saying the Haqqani men were mostly in Afghanistan at the time.
A week later, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Richard Boucher publicly complained about the ISI in a Reuters interview, calling for the agency to be reformed.
On Sept. 29, Pakistan's army chief, General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, named Lieutenant General Shujaa Pasha as the ISI's new director. Pasha has been responsible for the army's day-to-day functioning over the past two years -- including security operations in the tribal region.
Bloomberg.com: India & Pakistan
