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Jatts and Gujjars are tribes, not castes. The portion of Jatts, Gujjars, etc... that have been integrated into mainstream Hinduism are the only ones that follow a caste system. Sindhis as well, like the rest of Pakistan are divided into Biradaris (tribes) and Kammis (guilds). What Sindhi...

Bin Qasim's invasion was the last of many Arab attempts to invade Sindh, the previous attempts were larger than Bin Qasim's expedition but were unsuccessful or inconclusive. Bin Qasim's invasion was at an excellent time as Sindh was significantly weakened due to Chach's usurpation that toppled...

Conflict and Cosmopolitanism in “Arab” Sind and Tarikh-i Firishta

Someone else.

My theory is that the Bustan Outlier 2 sample would have belonged to IVC settlers or traders that had intermingled with the inhabitants of BMAC. This isn't too far-fetched as IVC did have a trading settlement along the Oxus. While the Aigyrzhal samples may have belonged to early Steppe migrants...

People began to claim Syed ancestry enmasse during Mughal rule due to the state benefits allotted to Syeds; specifically exemption from taxation, provision of a hefty allowance and preference in employment. The actual original Syed population (along with other Arabs) were located in the Arab...

The people that you are referring to (Chuhras) were brought over by the British to work as cantonment laborers doing menial tasks that the locals refused to do. Most of them were already Christians and many were brought from Goa, which is why roughly half of Pakistani Christians are Catholics...

The Bustan samples were outliers found from Uzbekistan in a BMAC archeological site. The Aigyrzhal samples were found Kyrgyzstan and are the oldest of the ancient samples here. The Alalakh outlier sample is from Hatay, Turkey. Alalakh was a major bronze-age city. Outlier here means that the...

There are also some fascinating ancient outlier samples that are not from the region but are still somewhat related. Do let me know if you would be interested in seeing them.

Hindustan was used for a specific region that corresponds to roughly modern-day UP. It was Akbar who changed this and instead referred to Hindustan as all domains under Mughal authority. However, people of modern-day Pakistan continued to refer to 'Hindustan' as a region which corresponds to...

Hindustan is what the people of modern-day Pakistan used to (and often still do) refer to 'North India' (Delhi region, UP and Bihar) as.

This is actually recent. Under Ataturk, the Government emplaced surname laws to replace "tribal, titular or foreign" surnames with solely Turkish names. This was one of many policies enacted to create a modern Turkish national identity.

The caste system was largely non-existent in modern-day Pakistan. The Indus region has always followed a tribal system similar to that of the original early Indo-Aryans. Pakistanis on both side of the Indus largely have tribal/clan surnames.

What does this even mean?

People of modern-day Pakistan had a tribal social structure while people of modern-day India largely had a caste social system. Our surnames are defined by our tribe/biradari/clan which does not change after conversion.

I don't remember the exact reason, I'll try finding the source and post it here.

Jatts are mentioned in early Islamic sources. The Sassanids had resettled many of them to their Western frontier regions where they came into contact with Arabs.

What the hell is this thread?

The Christian community in Pakistan largely originates from low-caste converts brought by the British from modern-day India (especially Goa) to work as cantonment laborers. Them being looked down upon is the result of locals imitating how the British and high-caste Hindus treated them. There...

DNA samples of the remains are publicly available and can be analyzed with genetic analysis tools. There is a massive database known as the Eurogenes Global25 Datasheet consisting of both ancient and modern genetic samples. Here is a PCA chart (visualizes the genetic relations/distances...